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Nonkilling Korea Building a Peace Structure on the
Korean Peninsula(3)
Glenn D. Paige(Professor Emeritus of Political Science University of Hawaii)
Yes!
On the other hand,
rooted in korean culture, experience, and present creative potentials, there are
grounds for taking seriously the possibility of realizing a nonkilling Korea
that can provide unique leadership for nonviolent global transformation in the
21st century.
First of all must be
noted the reverence for life expressed in the ancient creation story of the
origin of the Korean people. Rather than associated with a battle of the gods,
the Korean story has the son of God(Heavenly Creator) descend to earth on a
mountain, unite with a bear-turned-woman, create the Korean people, and teach
them to follow the principle of hongik ingan("devotion to the welfare of
humankind"). Echoes of this ancient ethical foundation can be seen in the March
First Independence Declaration of 1919 and in the mainfestos of numerous
political parties that spontaneously emerged to proclaim Korea's aspirations
following defeat of Japanese colonial rule in 1945.
Insight into the
vital significance of the Korean creation story for the future of a nonkilling
Korea is indebted to the privilege of instruction by two great teachers of
Korean history and culture: by the respected religious leader Ham Suk Hun in
Seoul and by the distinguished historian Professor Pak Si-hy ng in Pyongyang. To
both I asked the same question, "What are the roots of nonviolence in the Korean
tradition?" Both answered spontaneously in exactly the same way: "They are found
in the Tan'gun creation story of the Korean people." Both added, "They basically
peaceful character of the Korean people throughout history is evidenced by the
fact that they have never been aggressors against their neighbors - but have
been the victims of aggression." At least two exceptions can be recalled: when
Korean were conscripted by Japan to kill in Asian imperial conquest; and when
taken as allies of the United States to kill in Vietnam.
A second factor of
enormous emportance for confidence in the attainability of a nonkilling Korea is
the theoretical and practical potential of purposive creative leadership in
politics and in other sectors of society to bring about remarkable social
changes in relatively short period of time. The leadership lesson of divided
Korea since 1945 has been that political leadership is not a passive puppet of
socio-economic forces and other structural conditions, but can independently
translate new societal values into signficant social change (Paige 1966/1971 and
1977). This is how one homogeneous, traditional, and post-colonial Korea was
transformed from the "top down" into signficantly different socities - one
"socialist", one "capitalist" - in less than fifty years. Admittedly such
leadership (some might prefer the term "coercive command")was exercised for
change backed by the threat and use of domestic and foreign killing force. But
the dramatic changes achived by purposive leadership in divided Korea hold forth
the promise that similar leadership initiatives exercised through nonviolent
processes of problem-solving can bring about a unified Korea with uniquely
significant nonkilling characteristics. Whereas creative violent ledership can
divide, creative nonviolent leadership can unite. In the year 2000 - with
unprecedented June meeting of President Kim Dae Jung and Chairman Kim Jong Il -
a precedent is being set for independent, creative Korean political leadership
initiatives to realize a united, killing-free Korea.
A third factor of
immence significance is found in the capabilities of the creative, skilled,
hard-working, and adaptive Korean people to engage in nonkilling transformation
of Korean society and its relations with the world. Dramatic evidence of their
extraordinarily strong and resillent human potential for change can be seen by
comparing two sets of panoramic photograph: the first set, showing the utterly
devastated wartime cities of Pyongyang (mainly from U.S. air bombardment) and
Seoul; the second sets, showing the reconstructed cities today. Koreans in both
South and North rebuilt and carried forward in new directions all the
institutions of society: political, economic, social, and cultural. One example
is the remarkable development of education in both societies, so characteristic
of Korean respect for learning. When mutually understood and combined,
achivements in education and in other sectors of society unquestionably
consititute an extraordinary force of potential citizen competence to build and
maintain for future generations a pionnering, united, killing-free Korea that is
faithful to the genius of Korean culture and becomes a model for global
emulation. ºÒ»ì»ý Çѱ¹
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1) Glenn D. Paige, "Some
implications for political science of the comparative politics of Korea," pp.
388-405 in International Conference on Problems of Modernizations in Asia: June
28¡July 7, 1965, eds. Lee Sang-eun et al., Seoul: Asiatic Research Center, Korea
University, 1966. Reprinted, pp. 139¡68 in Frontiers of Development
Administration, ed. Fred W. Riggs, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. _, The
Scientific Study of Political Leadership, New York: The Free Press, 1977.
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